Choosing a spatial description

The spatial description determines which changes in a pulse’s transverse field the calculation can represent. Choose it from the symmetry and physics of the experiment before deciding how fine the numerical grid should be.

One mode, or a resolved mode set

A mode-averaged calculation follows one temporal amplitude and represents the transverse profile through its effective area and propagation constant. It is useful when a fixed guided mode is an adequate description. It cannot describe energy transfer into another mode or a beam changing its transverse shape.

Mode averaging retains an effective area rather than resolving the local field across the mode. The distinction matters for a response such as ionisation, which depends strongly on the local electric-field amplitude.

A resolved modal calculation follows one or more guided modes and evaluates the nonlinear response across their combined transverse field. Even one resolved mode differs from mode averaging: prop_capillary(modes=1) resolves its profile on a transverse quadrature. Adding modes allows their amplitudes and phases to evolve and exchange energy.

A radial capillary mode set represents the transverse field as a sum of guided profiles. The quadrature resolves the nonlinear response to their superposition.

Use the GNLSE for a single envelope described by dispersion and nonlinearity, capillary propagation for gas-filled hollow guides, and general modal propagation when the full vector electric and magnetic mode fields are required.

A beam in free space

For a cylindrically symmetric beam, a radial grid follows the field as a function of radius and time. It can describe focusing and a single axial filament, but cannot represent azimuthal breakup or two beams crossing away from a common axis.

Radial symmetry reduces the transverse calculation to one coordinate. The outer boundary must remain far enough from the beam to avoid influencing the result.

A Cartesian grid follows both x and y. Use it for asymmetric fields, angled beams, or dynamics that break cylindrical symmetry. Its extra spatial freedom requires more memory and a resolution check in both directions. A line grid instead assumes uniformity in y; powers and energies are then per unit width.

Cartesian samples resolve both transverse directions. Choose enough points to resolve the beam shape and any interference fringes, and keep the useful field away from the boundary collars.

See free-space propagation for setup and output. Planar guides can similarly be represented as uniform in one transverse direction or as slab modes with a resolved second direction; these are distinct physical models, explained in waveguide propagation.

General modal guides and planar descriptions

A general modal guide uses supplied or computed electric and magnetic mode fields, including longitudinal components where the model requires them. This is useful for solid fibres and other guides whose modes need more than the scalar capillary approximation. Mode coefficients are coordinates of that field expansion; use the guide’s physical-field and Poynting-flux processing instead of assuming that every coordinate has an independently additive power. See general modal guides and solid fibres.

A general modal description retains the mode fields needed to reconstruct physical power and intensity. The guide model supplies the transverse structure.

A planar guide confines light across one coordinate. A per-unit-width slab model assumes uniformity in the other coordinate, while the planar propagation route combines slab modes with a resolved transverse line. A free-space line grid has no slab confinement. Their energies and powers have different transverse measures: always check whether a reported energy is in joules or joules per metre. See planar guides and the free-space model.

Planar propagation combines guided structure in one direction with a resolved transverse coordinate in the other. It is distinct from free-space line propagation and from a slab assumed uniform along its width.

Physical question	Start with	Then check
Is a fixed guided profile sufficient?	Mode averaging; N = 3 lesson	Effective area and validity of the chosen response
Does nonlinear mode coupling matter?	Resolved modes; RDW lesson	Modal basis size and transverse quadrature
Does the guide vary along its length?	Local modes; varying profiles	Profile resolution and coupling assumptions
Is the beam cylindrically symmetric?	Radial grid; filament lesson	Radial resolution and excluded azimuthal dynamics
Do beams cross or break cylindrical symmetry?	Cartesian grid; crossing-beam lesson	Both transverse sample spacings and boundary distance

Check the approximation, then the resolution

Increasing the number of modes or grid samples improves resolution within the chosen description. It does not recover physics excluded by a symmetry assumption. Check both the model and its numerical resolution when interpreting a result.

The detailed spatial comparison sets out the expansions, units, boundaries, and limitations of every representation. Continue with resonant dispersive-wave propagation, or choose a related calculation from the examples.